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From a new Accenture report titled At the tipping point: Financial services in Africa comes of age:

The Accenture research study… highlights new growth triggers for Generic Alprazolam Xanax financial services, pointing to rapid market development in some countries. While the Generic Alprazolam Xanax paths to growth vary, these triggers often include innovation through (very) low-cost offerings and Generic Alprazolam Xanax distribution, dramatically opening up access to financial services; investment in physical infrastructure and Generic Alprazolam Xanax financial infrastructure development through more sophisticated regulations, and institution building; strong economic growth and Generic Alprazolam Xanax inward investment in the economy, including by financial institutions following their clients into new countries; and Generic Alprazolam Xanax growth in consumer markets driven by demographic change, including the rise of the Generic Alprazolam Xanax urban middle class, and the growth in microfinance-supported businesses in rural areas.

In Accenture’s view, banks and Generic Alprazolam Xanax insurers will not achieve sustained success in Africa’s fast-developing markets simply by replicating traditional business models from Generic Alprazolam Xanax developed countries. New strategies are needed — including adapting retail banking models to Generic Alprazolam Xanax local cultural needs, and finding new ways to serve low-income customers profitably. Contributing to Generic Alprazolam Xanax nationbuilding and the development of local communities is a further prerequisite in many countries. And attempts to Generic Alprazolam Xanax roll out standardised models must take into account differences in local business and Generic Alprazolam Xanax regulatory environments.

The report [pdf].

From keith Hart:

The anthropology of finance has Generic Alprazolam Xanax flourished in the last decade or so. The doyen of this Generic Alprazolam Xanax field is Bill Maurer who conducts research on law, property, money and Generic Alprazolam Xanax finance, particularly new and experimental financial and currency forms and their legal implications. He is Generic Alprazolam Xanax the author of Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason. One focus of his research is Generic Alprazolam Xanax on the shifting regulatory landscape of the offshore Caribbean; and on the Generic Alprazolam Xanax cultural implications of new forms of electronic money and payment systems and Generic Alprazolam Xanax regulation of mobile phone-enabled payment systems. Maurer has recently been engaged in a Generic Alprazolam Xanax series of collaborations with industrial and design professionals who work on the Generic Alprazolam Xanax development of new digital and mobile phone-enabled money transfer and savings systems. This led to Generic Alprazolam Xanax the founding of the Institute for Money, Technology and Financial Inclusion. By exploring people’s creative uses of money beyond its traditional functions, he hopes to Generic Alprazolam Xanax provoke deeper reflection on the multiple meanings of money. Maurer recommends a Generic Alprazolam Xanax sceptical, pragmatic approach to money and is thus more interested in what Generic Alprazolam Xanax people can do with money than what it means to Generic Alprazolam Xanax them. Like Jane Guyer (Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa), he believes that Generic Alprazolam Xanax anthropologists have bought too easily into the liberal economists’ idea of money as a means of exchange rather than as a means of payment.

It has Generic Alprazolam Xanax now become almost commonplace for anthropologists to work in financial centres. Ellen Hertz (The Trading Crowd: An Ethnography of the Shanghai Stock Market ) was prescient in carrying out field research on the Generic Alprazolam Xanax Shanghai stock market. Caitlin Zaloom (Out of the Pits: Traders and Technology from Chicago to London) focused on how financial traders adjusted to Generic Alprazolam Xanax new information technology. Both of these studies, however, are quite traditional in their focus, being concerned with the Generic Alprazolam Xanax traders’ local practices and Generic Alprazolam Xanax point of view, even if their business is global at another level. Karen Ho goes further by linking her ethnography to Generic Alprazolam Xanax a broader analysis of political economy. Based on interviews with employees of Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and Generic Alprazolam Xanax other great finance houses, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street explicitly engages with larger distributional questions, such as those involved in the Generic Alprazolam Xanax system of granting bank employees large bonuses.

Here is a column I wrote shortly after reading karen Ho’s book.

According to a report by Bain & Company, quoted in a Reuters article:

Bain Partner Andrew Tymms said the continent’s financial services industry will continue to Generic Alprazolam Xanax grow at a compound annual rate of 15 percent to Generic Alprazolam Xanax 2020, outpacing gross domestic product growth.

“Retail banking will grow faster than corporate banking … to Generic Alprazolam Xanax make up 38 percent of banking revenue by 2020, bringing in the Generic Alprazolam Xanax previously unbanked population and shifting the experienced to sophisticated products,” Tymms said.

The study, “Financial Services in Africa: A Decade of Opportunities” reckons financial firms will make up 19 percent of Africa’s gross domestic product by 2020, compared with 11 percent in 2009.

H/T @AfricaResearch, whose blog you should check out.

Mallam Lamido Aminu Sanusi has Generic Alprazolam Xanax been named as the Central Bank Governor of 2010 for Generic Alprazolam Xanax both the African continent and the entire world, by the Generic Alprazolam Xanax prestigious Banker Magazine.

The editor of the Generic Alprazolam Xanax magazine, Brian Caplen, says that few candidate names generate an overall consensus on judging panels, and Generic Alprazolam Xanax yet, when it came to finding the best global central bank governor of the Generic Alprazolam Xanax year, Mr Sanusi was chosen unanimously.

From the BBC.

Buy Tylenol Codeine Online

… is the title of a new book by Lucy Norris Took 4 Mg Xanax of the Department of Anthropology, University College, London.

The blurb:

In today’s globally connected marketplace, a Generic Alprazolam Xanax wedding sari in rural north India may become a woman’s blouse or cushion cover in a Western boutique. Lucy Norris’s anthropological study of the Generic Alprazolam Xanax recycling of clothes in Delhi follows garments as they are Generic Alprazolam Xanax gifted, worn, handed on, discarded, recycled, and sold once more. Gifts of clothing are Generic Alprazolam Xanax used to make and break relationships within middle-class households, but a Generic Alprazolam Xanax growing surplus of unwanted clothing now contributes to a global glut of textile waste. When old clothing is, for Generic Alprazolam Xanax instance, bartered for new kitchen utensils, it enters a vast waste commodity system in which it Generic Alprazolam Xanax may be resold to the poor or remade into new textiles and Generic Alprazolam Xanax exported. Norris traces these local and transnational flows through homes and Generic Alprazolam Xanax markets as she tells the stories of the people who Generic Alprazolam Xanax work in the largely hidden world of fabric recycling.

Click for more information on the book.

From NEXT:

A study by the Generic Alprazolam Xanax USAID on the West Africa Trade Hub has revealed that the Generic Alprazolam Xanax region’s transport costs is Generic Alprazolam Xanax the highest in the world and remains so because the trucking market in the Generic Alprazolam Xanax region is highly regulated.

“The regulationof the Generic Alprazolam Xanax industry deter competition that would go a long way toward reducing transport costs” stated the Generic Alprazolam Xanax transport advisor at the USAID Trade Hub and co-author of the Generic Alprazolam Xanax study; Andy Cook with another internationally recognized transport expert; Sadok Zerelli. “The study confirms what Generic Alprazolam Xanax many have suspected about the West African trucking market” the Generic Alprazolam Xanax reported affirmed, noting that reducing costs of transport is key to Generic Alprazolam Xanax ensuring regional food security.

The abstract of a paper of the same title:

For the Generic Alprazolam Xanax past decade, the U.S. economy has been driven not by industrial investment but by a Generic Alprazolam Xanax real estate bubble. Although the United States may seem to be Generic Alprazolam Xanax the leading example of industrial capitalism, its economy is no longer based mainly on investing in capital goods to Generic Alprazolam Xanax employ labor to produce output to sell at a profit. The largest sector remains real estate, whose cash flow (EBITDA, or earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) accounts for Generic Alprazolam Xanax over a quarter of national income. Financially, mortgages account for 70 percent of the Generic Alprazolam Xanax U.S. economy’s interest payments, reflecting the Generic Alprazolam Xanax fact that real estate is the financial system’s major customer.

As the economy’s largest asset category, real estate generates most of the economy’s capital gains. The gains are Generic Alprazolam Xanax the aim of real investors, as the real estate sector normally operates without declaring any profit. Investors agree to Generic Alprazolam Xanax pay their net rental income to their mortgage banker, hoping to Generic Alprazolam Xanax sell the property at a capital gain (mainly a land-price gain).

The tax system encourages this Generic Alprazolam Xanax debt pyramiding. Interest and depreciation absorb most of the cash flow, leaving no Generic Alprazolam Xanax income tax due for most of the post-1945 period. States and Generic Alprazolam Xanax localities have shifted their tax base off property onto labor via income and Generic Alprazolam Xanax sales taxes. Most important, capital gains are taxed at a much lower rate than Generic Alprazolam Xanax are current earnings. Investors do not have to pay any capital gains tax at all as long as they invest their gains in the Generic Alprazolam Xanax purchase of new property.

This tax favoritism toward real estate—and behind it, toward bankers as mortgage lenders—has Generic Alprazolam Xanax spurred a shift in U.S. investment away from industry and toward speculation, mainly in real estate but also in the Generic Alprazolam Xanax stock and bond markets. A postindustrial economy is thus largely a Generic Alprazolam Xanax financialized economy that carries its debt burden by borrowing against capital gains to Generic Alprazolam Xanax pay the interest and taxes falling due.

If you Generic Alprazolam Xanax are interested in understanding how industrial capitalism became financial capitalism, the Generic Alprazolam Xanax paper is a very good place to start. Of course, you Generic Alprazolam Xanax can also read David Harvey’s A Brief History of Neo-liberalism, and his most recent, The Enigma of Capital.

H/T @wonkmonk_

Check this out:

“Here’s something you always like to see,” Stewart says, scanning the front page of the Washington Post.“ ‘U.S. Trade Deficit Startles Markets.’ Now, we’ve understood the Generic Alprazolam Xanax U.S. trade deficit for a while. Are the markets small children that Generic Alprazolam Xanax are easily startled? The next day, they’ll get an unemployment number and go, ‘Oh, I don’t know why we were startled and Generic Alprazolam Xanax lost 200 points yesterday; today, we realized the shirt on the Generic Alprazolam Xanax chair wasn’t a monster, so we’re going to put 300 points back on the Dow because we’re fucking 5 years old.’ ”

Read it all here. H/T @Dollabrand.

President Goodluck Jonathan says Nigeria’s power industry can only grow through liberalisation:

The government will sell 11 distribution companies created out of Power Holding Co. of Nigeria, the Generic Alprazolam Xanax state-owned utility, and allow private companies to set up power plants using natural gas, hydro-electric dams and Generic Alprazolam Xanax coal-powered stations, Jonathan said in a speech in Lagos, the Generic Alprazolam Xanax commercial capital, broadcast on state television today [yesterday].

Listen to excerpts of the speech Valium 5mg Roche. Also, check out Saratu’s analysis.

Apparently, the fairly fragmented but resilient world of money transfer is getting consolidated:

Sigue, a Generic Alprazolam Xanax US money-transfer company strong in Latin America, is buying the money-transfer business of Coinstar for Generic Alprazolam Xanax $41.5m. Coinstar’s network allows users to Generic Alprazolam Xanax transfer cash to 23,000 points worldwide – and Sigue’s CEO, Guillermo de la Viña, says the acquisition will make his company “one of the Generic Alprazolam Xanax largest global money transfer companies with pay out locations in over 130 countries.”

More deals may follow this Generic Alprazolam Xanax year. Unistream, a Russian money transfer company with 30 per cent market share in former Soviet countries, is Generic Alprazolam Xanax looking towards the Gulf, the second-largest source of private financial transfers after the Generic Alprazolam Xanax US. Reuters recently reported that Generic Alprazolam Xanax Western Union and MoneyGram were looking at ways to expand into Asia.

The moves testify to remittances’ resilience. Flows to developing countries shrunk in 2009, down 6 per cent to $307bn, as immigrants in the US and elsewhere lost jobs (particularly in construction) and, in many cases, returned home. However, a new World Bank report forecasts that Generic Alprazolam Xanax remittances will rise by over 6 per cent in 2010 and Generic Alprazolam Xanax over 7 per cent in 2011.

All that Generic Alprazolam Xanax is well and good, but how long is it going to Generic Alprazolam Xanax take for someone to figure out how to include everyday Africans in the Generic Alprazolam Xanax global, ‘borderless’ world of finance? I am Generic Alprazolam Xanax thinking of payment services, not remittances services. In the past one month, three friends who Generic Alprazolam Xanax are based in Nigeria have asked me whether I can help them open a Generic Alprazolam Xanax Paypal account. Some people they are doing some work for agree to Generic Alprazolam Xanax pay only through Paypal. They refuse to use Western Union because, well, they don’t trust the Nigerian end of the service.

Don’t tell me that Generic Alprazolam Xanax nobody thinks that there might be some money to be made in Africa from Generic Alprazolam Xanax that. Or that they are too scared of bad, fraudulent Nigerians to Generic Alprazolam Xanax try and introduce such services there. We all know that no Generic Alprazolam Xanax matter how sophisticated and bad you think Nigerian fraudsters are, the Generic Alprazolam Xanax ones in developed countries are much worse. If those services can Generic Alprazolam Xanax be made to work securedly in developed countries, there is no Generic Alprazolam Xanax reason they shouldn’t be able to get them to work in African countries.

Or am I missing something?