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My saxophone instructor, a Muslim, asked me today about the ‘religious violence’ in northern Nigeria. I tried to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription explain to him that most of the violence that is reported from Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription northern Nigeria is about a weird definition of who an indigene is Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription and who a settler is, and that most often, the immediate cause of the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription violence is some fight over resources. In other words, people fight over access to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription resources (control of state power should be seen as a resource), but quickly resort to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription claims of entitlement based on ethnicity, place of origin and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription religion. These modes of identification are then often used to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription mobilise other people with the same or similar identity markers to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription fight opposing groups.

I was just thinking about this Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription when I saw that Jeremy had written a post about it. He mentions poverty and an artificial distinction between ‘indigene’ and ‘settler’ as being at the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription root of the conflict in Plateau State. In short, things are Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription way more nuanced than they are often depicted in the media.

See for Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription instance the details of a conflict that broke up in Langtang, close to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Jos in 2002:

In June 2002, a Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription serious conflict broke out in the Langtang area, some 200 km. SE of Jos, and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription was still current in May 2003. The main inhabitants of the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription region are the Tarok people, principally farmers, but the large open savannah between Langtang and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription the Benue river has long attracted nomadic Ful∫e graziers. There are Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription also neighbouring smaller tribes such as the Boghom as well as substantial settlements of Hausa, notably at Wase (east of Tarokland towards the Benue) and the ferry-crossing at Ibi (southeast). The Tarok have maintained good relations with the Ful∫e for Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription a long time and are now themselves substantial cattle owners, often as a Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription result of sending their sons to be trained in herding by the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Ful∫e. The Tarok are Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription overwhelmingly Christian, although traditional religion also plays an important role in maintaining social order, whereas the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Hausa and Ful∫e are Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription strongly Muslim. The Tarok, moreover, have a long tradition of military service, and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription many of their leaders are ex-generals.

Apparently, a fight broke out in Yelwa, near Shendam (in SE Plateau State) at the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription end of June 2002 between Christian and Muslim residents, resulting in the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription burning of churches. Fleeing Tarok families brought the news to Langtang South, inciting attacks on Hausa-owned businesses in various settlements in the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription region. Prompt intervention of the security services brought about a temporary calm. However, it Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription appears that a substantial number of Hausa and Fulani, armed with modern weapons and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription some at least from outside the region, regrouped and began attacking Tarok settlements from Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription a base near Wase. Local people claim that mercenaries from Niger and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Chad were involved although this is hard to verify. At this Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription point, Tarok church leaders seem to have turned funds collected for Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription evangelisation to the purchase of modern weapons. Traders appear to have Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription had some guns in readiness for self-defence and were soon able to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription supply automatic weapons from Enugu. In general, government reaction seems generally to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription have been inaction, although there is a report of a pitched battle at Kadarko, near Ibi, where Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription the Mobile Police were forced to retreat. Government-controlled media made no Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription mention of the situation for some three weeks, when they reported (falsely) that Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription things were back to normal. The lack of official action was so marked that Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription one of the leaders of the Tarok, Rev. Maina, took the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription unusual action of placing newspaper adverts in the independent press pleading for Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription a more effective response from government.

Since this Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription date there has been open armed warfare between Tarok and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Hausa /Ful∫e and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription the whole region is a no-go zone. Women and children have Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription fled into refuges and well-organised groups regularly burn down villages in remote areas. Soldiers have Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription been sent to key flashpoints such as Wase, but since they will not enter the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription bush and meet the armed groups on their own terms, this Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription is a largely ineffective. A worrying consequence has been the uncharacteristic arming of small communities and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription the development of weapons workshops. Although a few hunters have always had Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Dane guns, their manufacture is now widespread and even herdboys now go to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription the fields armed. Peace summits between Jos-based leaders have had little or Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription no impact. The elections in May 2003 distracted the political elite in Jos in the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription preceding months from paying attention to this rather serious situation. In the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription first months of 2003 there were a series of minor outbreaks of violence culminating with another major conflict in Langtang in March. In June, the Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription well publicised murder of Muslim travellers passing through Langtang lorry-park has Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription reminded the indigenous populations that the conflict is alive. A visit to Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Langtang towards the end of June was marked by unnaturally quiet roads and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription a collapse of commerce and services such as water and electricity. Roads in this Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription region of Plateau State have become effectively divided between Muslim and Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription Christian blocks. Pastoralists who are usually grazing the fresh grass at this Ativan Prescription Online No Prescription season were conspicuous by their absence.

The whole report is here (pdf). Check out Jeremy’s post.

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